Project management tools and methodologies provide structured ways for teams to organize, track, and execute work. The Agile philosophy, along with frameworks like Scrum and Kanban, has become central to modern project management, especially in environments with frequently changing requirements. 

Agile methodology

Agile is an iterative and incremental approach that emphasizes flexibility, collaboration, and customer satisfaction over rigid processes. It is a mindset defined by the Agile Manifesto from 2001, which outlines four core values: 

• Individuals and interactions over processes and tools.
• Working software over comprehensive documentation.
• Customer collaboration over contract negotiation.
• Responding to change over following a plan. 

Scrum framework

Scrum is the most widely used Agile framework, designed for complex software development but adaptable to other complex projects. 

Key aspects of Scrum:

• Sprints: Short, time-boxed periods (typically 1–4 weeks) during which the team works to complete a set of tasks.
• Product Backlog: A prioritized, dynamic list of all features, enhancements, and bug fixes for the product, owned by the Product Owner.
• Sprint Backlog: The subset of the product backlog that the team commits to completing during a single sprint.
• Daily Scrum (Stand-up): A brief, 15-minute daily meeting where the team reports progress, plans for the day, and identifies any roadblocks.
• Scrum Master: A facilitator who ensures the team follows Scrum practices and removes impediments.
• Review and Retrospective: Meetings held at the end of each sprint to review the work completed and discuss ways to improve the process. 

Kanban framework

Kanban is an Agile framework that focuses on visualizing work and managing its flow, making it flexible and adaptable to continuous changes. 

Key aspects of Kanban:

• Kanban Board: A visual representation of the workflow, divided into columns (e.g., "To Do," "In Progress," "Done").
• Kanban Cards: Cards on the board represent individual tasks that move through the columns as work progresses.
• Work in Progress (WIP) Limits: A core principle is to limit the number of tasks in a specific column to prevent multitasking and reveal bottlenecks.
• Continuous Flow: Kanban does not use time-boxed sprints. New tasks are pulled into the workflow as capacity becomes available.